20 research outputs found
La polys\ue9mie en fran\ue7ais et en italien : approche contrastive et retomb\ue9es didactiques
Polysemy is a formal property of a vocable, which is such that it contains more than one semantically related lexical units. Identifying the polysemic structure of vocables in a given language is a key issue in theoretical semantics and lexicography, since polysemy is at the heart of the internal structure of natural language systems. The purpose of this research is twofold. It targets the development of a contrastive approach to polysemy in order to implement a set of vocabulary learning strategies. The first chapter aims at reviewing the current state of the art in the field of polysemy. Where the term polysemy was introduced during the late XX century, the concept has its roots in the Aristotelian tradition and stimulated an open debate between the various approaches, until recent research literature. At present, there are several points of dis- agreement both among polysemy theories and lexicographical methods. The second chapter is intended to present the theoretical and methodological framework that underpins the study : the Explanatory and Combinatorial Lexicology, which is the lexical branch of the Meaning-Text Theory. Explanatory and Combinatorial Lexicology develops a lexicographical model of polysemy, based on a well-defined series of semantic and syntactic criteria. Each lexical unit of a vocable \u2014 a complex cluster of semantic, formal and combinatorial properties \u2014 is disambiguated by defining its semantic actants and its lexical relations. The set of paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations is translated in the system of lexical functions. One of the more recent developments of the Explanatory and Combinatorial Lexicology, is the French Lexical Network, an ongoing project that targets the construction of a full-scale lexical resource for the French language. It displaces the lexicographical description from a paper format to an electronic environment, through the use of the lexicographical editor Dicet. The French Lexical Network deepens the theoretical representation of polysemy, by establishing a typology of co-polysemy links. Furthermore, the French Lexical Network represents a lexicographic prototype, which can be applied to other languages. Some tween projects, developed on the French model, already exist for Russian and Spanish. Similarly, a lexicographical ressource for the Italian language, the Italian Lexical Network, is developed within the framework of this study. The third section of the study provides a polysemy-based contrastive analysis of taste vocabulary in French and Italian. As a preliminary step, a priming wordlist is drawn up of 4 704 Italian vocables. Subsequently, taste-related vocables (i.e. all the vocables which are semantically included in the lexical field of taste) are extracted and analysed. Data analysis mainly suggest two different trends : synonymous polysemes, two vocables which share the same meaning at all levels of their polysemic structure and which establish the same copolysemy links ; crossing polysemes, two vocables which intersect at some points of their polysemic structures. A contrastive polysemy approach can be exploited for pedagogical purposes. This is the aim of the last chapter, which consists in a three-session module designed for B1 students of French as a second language. Throughout a series of didactic activities, the student is expected to improve the quality of its lexical knowledge and to nip lexico-semantic mistakes in the bud
Early results of PRO-EPI: PROspective multicenter observational study on elective pelvic nodes irradiation in patients with intermediate/high/very high-risk non-metastatic prostate cancer submitted to radical, adjuvant, or salvage radiotherapy with or without concomitant androgen deprivation therapy
Simple Summary: Although radiotherapy plays a fundamental role in the management of intermediate/high/very high-risk non-metastatic prostatic cancer (IHR-nmPca), there is still no consensus on the optimal treatment strategy in this setting. Remarkably, the role of elective nodal irradiation (ENI) is still highly controversial. The PROspective multicenter observational study on Elective Pelvic nodes Irradiation (PRO-EPI) was designed to provide "real life" data regarding the patterns of care for IHR-nmPca.Forty-three Italian Radiation Oncology centers participated in the PROspective multicenter observational study on Elective Pelvic nodes Irradiation (PRO-EPI) project, with 1029 patients enrolled. In this preliminary analysis, we longitudinally evaluated the impact of Elective Nodal Irradiation (ENI) and radiotherapy features on toxicity and quality of life (QoL). Six months follow-up data were available for 913 patients and 12 months data for 762 patients. Elective Nodal Irradiation was given to 506 patients (48.9%). Volumetric Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) was adopted in more than 77% of patients and Image-Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) in 84.4%. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) was administered to the majority of patients (68.3%), and it was associated to ENI in 408 cases (81.1%). Toxicity was mostly mild and reversible and IGRT resulted in a significant reduction of rectal toxicity, although a non-significant trend toward increased urinary toxicity was observed. No statistically significant differences in QoL and toxicity were seen in patients treated with or without ENI. The adoption of IGRT is widespread and increasing and could reduce treatment toxicity. ENI is not yet the standard treatment, but it is performed in a growing fraction of cases and not resulting into an increase in toxicity or in a deterioration of QoL. Further analyses are needed to clarify the long-term toxicity profile and the impact of ENI on survival
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in a Caucasian Italian woman: Case report
BACKGROUND: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is an acute cardiac syndrome characterized by transient LV regional wall motion abnormalities (with peculiar apical ballooning appearance), chest pain or dyspnea, ST-segment elevation and minor elevations of cardiac enzyme levels CASE PRESENTATION: A 68-year-old woman was admitted to the Emergency Department because of sudden onset chest pain occurred while transferring her daughter, who had earlier suffered a major seizure, to the hospital. The EKG showed sinus tachycardia with ST-segment elevation in leads V2âV3 and ST-segment depression in leads V5âV6, she was, thus, referred for emergency coronary angiography. A pre-procedural transthoracic echocardiogram revealed regional systolic dysfunction of the LV walls with hypokinesis of the mid-apical segments and hyperkinesis of the basal segments. Coronary angiography showed patent epicardial coronary arteries; LV angiography demonstrated the characteristic morphology of apical ballooning with hyperkinesis of the basal segments and hypokinesis of the mid-apical segments. The post-procedural course was uneventful; on day 5 after admission the echocardiogram revealed full recovery of apical and mid-ventricular regional wall-motion abnormalities. CONCLUSION: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a relatively rare, unique entity that has only recently been widely appreciated. Acute stress has been indicated as a common trigger for the transient LV apical ballooning syndrome, especially in postmenopausal women. The present report is a typical example of stress-induced takotsubo cardiomyopathy in a Caucasian Italian postmenopausal woman
Novel sensitive, specific and rapid pharmacogenomic test for the prediction of abacavir hypersensitivity reaction: HLA-B*57:01 detection by real-time PCR.
Aim: International HIV treatment guidelines recommend HLA-B*57:01 typing before abacavir administration, in order to reduce the incidence of abacavir hypersensitivity reactions, the major cause
of early therapy discontinuation. A fast, sensitive and specific test for HLA-B*57:01 detection has been
developed in the present study. Materials & methods: Two sets of sequence-specific primers were designed, and amplification rapidly detected by real-time PCR. Results: A total of 108 samples were analyzed in a single-blind fashion, and 41 samples were identified as positive. Complete agreement, with k = 1 (standard error = 0.0962, p < 0.0001), was found, with a validated methodology used in the EPI109367 clinical trial funded by GlaxoSmithKline, and consisting of low-resolution sequence-specific oligonucleotide PCR, followed by high-resolution sequence-specific oligonucleotide PCR carried out on the HLA-B*57-positive samples. Conclusion: We provided a detailed characterization of a novel HLA-B*57:01 screening test, which can be easily implemented by those laboratories already involved in the detection of viral load and virus genotyping
Colorectal Cancer Stage at Diagnosis Before vs During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy
IMPORTANCE Delays in screening programs and the reluctance of patients to seek medical
attention because of the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 could be associated with the risk of more advanced
colorectal cancers at diagnosis.
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was associated with more advanced
oncologic stage and change in clinical presentation for patients with colorectal cancer.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This retrospective, multicenter cohort study included all
17 938 adult patients who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer from March 1, 2020, to December
31, 2021 (pandemic period), and from January 1, 2018, to February 29, 2020 (prepandemic period),
in 81 participating centers in Italy, including tertiary centers and community hospitals. Follow-up was
30 days from surgery.
EXPOSURES Any type of surgical procedure for colorectal cancer, including explorative surgery,
palliative procedures, and atypical or segmental resections.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was advanced stage of colorectal cancer
at diagnosis. Secondary outcomes were distant metastasis, T4 stage, aggressive biology (defined as
cancer with at least 1 of the following characteristics: signet ring cells, mucinous tumor, budding,
lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, and lymphangitis), stenotic lesion, emergency surgery,
and palliative surgery. The independent association between the pandemic period and the outcomes
was assessed using multivariate random-effects logistic regression, with hospital as the cluster
variable.
RESULTS A total of 17 938 patients (10 007 men [55.8%]; mean [SD] age, 70.6 [12.2] years)
underwent surgery for colorectal cancer: 7796 (43.5%) during the pandemic period and 10 142
(56.5%) during the prepandemic period. Logistic regression indicated that the pandemic period was
significantly associated with an increased rate of advanced-stage colorectal cancer (odds ratio [OR],
1.07; 95%CI, 1.01-1.13; P = .03), aggressive biology (OR, 1.32; 95%CI, 1.15-1.53; P < .001), and stenotic
lesions (OR, 1.15; 95%CI, 1.01-1.31; P = .03).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This cohort study suggests a significant association between the
SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the risk of a more advanced oncologic stage at diagnosis among patients
undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer and might indicate a potential reduction of survival for
these patients
Osservazioni
di Calogero Piro.
Convertire la realtĂ che ci circonda in immagini, Ăš stata fin dai primordi dellâessere umano unâatavica necessitĂ .
Ancora oggi nella nostra cultura visiva Ăš tutto basato sullâutilizzo dellâimmagine per conoscere la realtĂ che ci circonda.
Con la scoperta della fotografia, la riflessione intorno alla natura si fa sempre piĂč interessante.
Il ruolo della macchina fotografica in questo progetto per raccontare lâambiente, la struttura, gli oggetti, i segni, i colori e le atmosfere che caratterizzano il centro del CNR di capo Granitola ha trovato prepotentemente in questi giovani allievi della cattedra di fotografia dellâAccademia di Belle Arti di Palermo, diretta dal Professore Sandro Scalia, momenti di grande professionalitĂ , realizzando un grande reportage con tutti gli aspetti essenziali della struttura e delle articolazioni primarie del linguaggio fotografico.
Questa esperienza extradidattica difficile ed impegnativa non soltanto per la necessitĂ del confronto col ânuovoâ in termini organizzativi, ma anche per la necessitĂ di descrivere attraverso la fotografia il tema della BiodiversitĂ , Ăš stato affrontato brillantemente. Mettendo in primo piano, siti naturali, siti storici come: Mozia e Selinunte, i laboratori del centro di ricerche, la Flora e la Fauna, sono riusciti a raggiungere con acuta osservazione ottimi risultati visibili in questo catalogo, e con la tangibile riprova di cosa possa e debba essere una educazione estetica assolutamente âliberaâ da condizionamenti, viatico ineludibile perchĂ© lâespressione artistica, sotto qualunque forma, sia artefice dei grandi processi di vera maturazione culturale, si avverte in questi giovani artisti la purezza e la consapevolezza dei propri messaggi ancora privi, e speriamo sempre, di qualunque tipo di inquinamento tendenzioso
Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries
Abstract
Background
Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres.
Methods
This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and lowâmiddle-income countries.
Results
In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of âsingle-useâ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for lowâmiddle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia.
Conclusion
This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both highâ and lowâmiddleâincome countries
L'ethos del marchio "Barilla" nella comunicazione pubblicitaria francese: Un modello di valorizzazione del made in Italy.
Lâelaborato propone unâanalisi dettagliata della configurazione del discorso pubblicitario, inteso come il risultato di una duplice operazione: quella di produzione del messaggio, a opera del pubblicitario, utente di precise strategie discorsive, e quella di interpretazione, da parte del destinatario che completa il significato dellâenunciato attribuendogli le proprie peculiari connotazioni.
Il corpus utilizzato consiste in una raccolta di spot pubblicitari prodotti dallâazienda Barilla per i telespettatori francofoni, ed Ăš stato reperito presso lâArchivio Storico di Barilla nella sede di Parma. Lâillustrazione e la descrizione di alcune pubblicitĂ scelte come modelli forniscono la base per lâapprofondimento di alcune problematiche linguistiche e traduttologiche; in particolare, viene posto lâaccento sulla nozione di ethos discorsivo, collocabile nell'ambito dellâanalisi del discorso, e su quella di stereotipo linguistico, considerato come veicolo culturale e strumento dotato di straordinaria forza assertiva e pertanto prediletto dalla comunicazione pubblicitaria.
Tale forma di linguaggio merita di essere analizzata e studiata nella sua ricca complessitĂ , dal momento che Ăš da considerarsi come il piĂč efficace e moderno mezzo di diffusione, incorporazione e assimilazione di valori e comportamenti culturalmente orientati
Druetta, R., Falbo, C. (\ue9ds.), Docteurs et Recherche... une aventure qui continue, Cahiers de Recherche de l\u2019\uc9cole Doctorale en Linguistique Fran\ue7aise n. 8/2014, publif@rum, Carnets de lecture, n.26.
Ce huiti\ue8me num\ue9ro des Cahiers de l\u2019\uc9cole Doctorale, compos\ue9 de treize contibutions, repr\ue9sente une sorte d\u2019\ue9tat des lieux d\u2019une partie de la recherche en Linguistique Fran\ue7aise et, plus particuli\ue8rement, en Analyse des interactions verbales, analyse du discours, lexicographie/lexicologie, terminographie/terminologie et didactique du FLE
La nutrition \ue0 toutes les sauces: les termes de l'alimentation entre discours scientifique et discours culinaire
This paper explores the lexical field of food according to a lexico-semantic approach to terminology structures. It focuses on the contextual semantics of some terminological units of French, namely nutrition and aliment, including their deriv- atives and compounds, and adopts a genre-based discourse analysis approach applied to a corpus composed by a sample of nutritional science articles and a list of recipes. Through the analysis of terminological units, we try to demonstrate their di erent status in two textual genres, in order to draw some conclusions on the semantic shift (from common to specialized language) of some French lexical units